Aqueous M. oleifera leaf extract alleviates DSS-induced colitis in mice through suppression of inflammation

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. oleifera) is a perennial deciduous tree with considerable agricultural and pharmacological value. Nearly all parts of the tree are edible, and nearly all parts are used in traditional medicine. Leaves of M. oleifera have the functions of hypoglycemic (antidiabetic), anti-cancer and anti-oxidant stress, but less research pay attention to the anti-inflammatory effect of M. oleifera leaves. Aim of the study: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory disorder of the gut with no ideal medication. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of aqueous extract of M. oleifera leaves.Materials and methods: Intestinal organoids and mice as in vitro and in vivo models to investigate the effects of aqueous extract of M. oleifera leaves on inflammation induced by TNF-a and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) respectively. The expression of inflammatory cytokines and proliferation-related genes were evaluated by RTqPCR, respectively. The compounds in the leaf extract were determined by LC/MS, and network pharmacology approach was employed to predict 54 anti-IBD potential targets of quercetin-3-galactoside (QG) and isoquercitrin (IS).Results: We found that the extract protected against damage to intestinal organoids caused by tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a), and significantly down-regulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines. The extract also suppressed the TNF-a-induced expression of Pcna, c-Myc, and c-Jun. Additionally, oral administration of the extract also ameliorated DSS-induced colon damage (colonic shortening, loss of goblet cells and overall abnormal cellularity), and inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines and proliferation-related genes in colitis. By LC/MS we identified nearly 2000 of the compounds in the leaf extract, of the flavonoids identified, QG and IS made up the largest percentage; both have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, network pharmacology approach was employed to predict 54 anti-IBD potential targets of QG and IS. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated that the overlapping targets participated in response to oxidative stress and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway respectively.Conclusions: The present study demonstrated the anti-inflammatory capability, in vitro and in vivo, of the aqueous extract of M. oleifera leaves and suggests its potential phytotherapeutic treatment for IBD.