Monitoring the skin structure during edema in vivo with spatially resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

Significance Edema occurs in the course of various skin diseases. It manifests itself in changes in water concentrations in skin layers: dermis and hypodermis and their thicknesses. In medicine and cosmetology, objective tools are required to assess the skin's physiological parameters. The dynamics of edema and the skin of healthy volunteers were studied using spatially resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) in conjunction with ultrasound (US).Aim In this work, we have developed a method based on DRS with a spatial resolution (SR DRS), allowing us to simultaneously assess water content in the dermis, dermal thickness, and hypodermal thickness.Approach An experimental investigation of histamine included edema using SR DRS under the control of US was conducted. An approach for skin parameter determination was studied and confirmed using Monte-Carlo simulation of diffuse reflectance spectra for a three-layered system with the varying dermis and hypodermis parameters.Results It was shown that an interfiber distance of 1 mm yields a minimal relative error of water content determination in the dermis equal to 9.3%. The lowest error of hypodermal thickness estimation was achieved with the interfiber distance of 10 mm. Dermal thickness for a group of volunteers (7 participants, 21 measurement sites) was determined using SR DRS technique with an 8.3% error using machine learning approaches, taking measurements at multiple interfiber distances into account. Hypodermis thickness was determined with root mean squared error of 0.56 mm for the same group.Conclusions This study demonstrates that measurement of the skin diffuse reflectance response at multiple distances makes it possible to determine the main parameters of the skin and will serve as the basis for the development and verification of an approach that works in a wide range of skin structure parameters.