Non-isothermal thermo-kinetics and empirical modeling: Comparative pyrolysis of cow and Buffalo manure

Dumping dairy manure in surroundings of confined animal feeding operations (CAFO) is an extensively imple-mented malpractice. This exercise poses serious environmental complications along with global warming, water, and air pollution. This study aims to explore and compare the pyrolytic conversion of the dairy manure of two common milch animals (Cow and Buffalo) of CAFO through detailed kinetic and thermodynamic analysis. Physicochemical characterization indicated an analogy in samples with close values of volatile contents (63 % +/- 0.22), elemental carbon contents (37 % +/- 0.24) and heating values (16 MJ/Kg +/- 0.0.95). Subsequently, under non-isothermal and inert thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the thermal degradations kinetics were studied through Isoconversional methods and Model fitting methods. TGA recorded major conversion (approximate to 50 %) during active pyrolysis zone in temperature range of 240 to 3600C for both sample with similar patterns. The average activation energy (Ea) determined by the Isoconversional methods were 143.84 and 137.74 kJ mol-1, with corresponding frequency factor (A) values of 4.19 x 1026 and 2.47 x 1023 min-1 for cow manure (CM) and buffalo manure (BM), respectively. The kinetic compensation effect described strong linear relationship between the Ln(A) and Ea with comparable isokinetic temperatures. Master plot indicated that decomposition was driven by order-based reaction (Fn) with transition to Diffusion (Dn) models. The empirical modeling by Sestak and Berggren's model showed an excellent correlation with the experimental data. Finally, thermodynamic analysis indicated a non-spontaneous and endothermic trend in entire conversion. Overall, the study suggested compa-rable thermo-kinetics of CM and BM pyrolysis.