Automatic detection of adenoid hypertrophy on cone-beam computed tomography based on deep learning

Introduction: This study proposed an automatic diagnosis method based on deep learning for adenoid hyper-trophy detection on cone-beam computed tomography. Methods: The hierarchical masks self-attention U-net (HMSAU-Net) for segmentation of the upper airway and the 3-dimensional (3D)-ResNet for diagnosing adenoid hypertrophy were constructed on the basis of 87 cone-beam computed tomography samples. A self-attention encoder module was added to the SAU-Net to optimize upper airway segmentation precision. The hierarchical masks were introduced to ensure that the HMSAU-Net captured sufficient local semantic information. Results: We used Dice to evaluate the performance of HMSAU-Net and used diagnostic method indicators to test the performance of 3D-ResNet. The average Dice value of our proposed model was 0.960, which was superior to the 3DU-Net and SAU-Net models. In the diagnostic models, 3D-ResNet10 had an excellent ability to diagnose adenoid hypertrophy automatically with a mean accuracy of 0.912, a mean sensitivity of 0.976, a mean specificity of 0.867, a mean positive predictive value of 0.837, a mean negative predictive value of 0.981, and a F1 score of 0.901. Conclusions: The value of this diagnostic system lies in that it provides a new method for the rapid and accurate early clinical diagnosis of adenoid hypertrophy in chil-dren, allows us to look at the upper airway obstruction in three-dimensional space and relieves the work pressure of imaging doctors.