Insights on the 2023 Kahramanmaras Earthquake, Turkey, from InSAR: fault locations, rupture styles and induced deformation

We successfully detected widely distributed ground displacements for the 2023 Kahramanmaras, Turkey, earthquakes by conducting interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) analyses using a ScanSAR observation mode. Major deformation extended approximately 350 and 150 km along the southern and northern strands bifurcating in the west of the East Anatolian Fault, produced by the main shock and the largest aftershock. The deformation map reveals that the ruptures propagated on the Erkenek, Pazarcik and Amanos segments on the southern strand and the cardak segment on the northern strand. The fault plane of the northern strand bends approximately 45(degrees )at both edges with Z-shaped crank geometry. The bending fault at the western edge runs just along the cardak segment but does not reach the Savrun segment, while at the eastern edge it deviates from known active faults such as Surgu, Malatya faults and Dogansehir fault zone. A 3-D displacement map demonstrates that almost pure left-lateral fault motions were distributed along the two strands, with little vertical deformation. The moment magnitudes estimated from the slip distribution model were 7.82 and 7.66 for the southern and northern strands, respectively, with the Erkenek and cardak segments having the largest released seismic moments on each strand, corresponding to approximately 31 and 57 per cent of the total, respectively. The Coulomb Failure Function change values indicate that the main shock can promote the largest aftershock with a standard value of the effective friction coefficient. Additionally, the unclamping effect controlled by the frictional property of the rock was a key factor in pulling the trigger of the seismic event on the northern strand. The historically accumulated and released seismic energies were imbalanced for the Pazarcik and Erkenek segments, suggesting that the 2023 event does not support a simple characteristic earthquake model; rather, it may be consistent with a supercycle model, in which the slip remnants from the characteristic earthquakes have been historically accumulated as coupling on a fault and released as huge earthquakes at longer intervals.