Effects of glyphosate-based herbicide on gametes fertilization and four developmental stages in Clarias gariepinus

Comparative toxicology continues to provide information on how the age of every living or-ganism affects the frequency, severity, and nature of the potentially toxic agent. We investigated the effect of glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) exposure on gametes and four developmental stages of Clarius gariepinus (C. gariepinus) (African Catfish). Gametes from healthy gravid female and mature male C. gariepinus were exposed to GBH in sublethal concentrations of 0.0 (G1, control), 0.02 (G2), 0.05 (G3), 0.1 (G4), 0.5 (G5), and 1.0 (G6) mg/L for 24 h at the standard conditions of temperature and water quality parameters. The surviving embryos were examined microscopically for malformation rate and edema occurrence post-GBH exposure. In a separate experiment; postfryer, fingerling, posfingerling and juvenile C. gariepinus were exposed to G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6 of GBH concentrations daily consecutively for 28 days. Fish growth perfor-mance, behavioural changes, haematology, oxidative stress, and histology were assessed. From our results, GBH showed altered morphology 24 h post-fertilization, decreased body weight, growth parameters, behavioural indices, and survival rate in the various developmental stages. Oxidative stress metabolite, malondialdehyde levels, increases in the postfryer > postfingerlin > fingerling > juvenile C. gariepinus following GBH exposure. Leukopenia and thrombocytosis were observed in the postfingerlings and juvenile fish and decrease in the levels of reduced glutathione and activity of superoxide dismutase compared with the control. Histology showed gross necrosis