The twin innovation transitions of European regions

We investigate the spatial distributions and transitions of European regions' innovative orientation to information and communication technology (ICT), green technology or twin technologies. Using a transition probability approach and spatial methods, we estimate the probability of regions becoming innovative in either or both technologies and assess the role of spillovers.ICT-oriented regions are more likely to make a twin transition than the green-oriented regions, and non-innovative regions are likely to stay so. Weak and strong twin innovators are persistently clustered in space, with few positive spillovers on single innovators. Innovation policies should avoid supporting green innovation without also supporting ICT innovation and aim at increasing positive spatial spillovers.