Anthropogenic activities increase turbidity in coastal marine environments globally, and turbidity is particularly caused by eutrophication. Turbidity is a measurement of the scattering and absorption of light by suspended matter in water. An increase in turbidity influences visual predators and affects community structures and whole ecosystems. The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is a widespread species in the northern hemispheric Pacific and Atlantic oceans. It is a visual predator and, therefore, a very well-suited species for studying the effects of increasing turbidity on foraging behaviour and activity. Sticklebacks used for this study were from an aquarium in the North Sea Oceanarium. They have been in the aquarium for around two months and were originally collected in a highly eutrophicated marine fjord system. They were individually placed in an observation aquarium, fed with krill, given 10 min to forage, and observed by video cameras. The video films were analysed to study stickleback predation behaviour. Experiments were repeated with four different turbidity treatments, ranging from a mean of 0.034 up to 10 NTU (nephelometric turbidity unit). Bentonite clay was used as a turbidity-increasing substance. A statistically significant difference in foraging behaviour and activity between the turbidity treatments was observed. The test subjects were found to lunge less for prey and had a higher feeding latency with increasing turbidity. Additionally, they were less active with increasing turbidity. The behavioural instability estimated as a variation in feeding latency increased with increasing turbidity but decreased at the highest turbidity value. Our study indicates an effect of turbidity-increasing events on the behaviour of the three-spined stickleback and potentially also other similar visual predators.
机构:
Univ S Alabama, Dept Marine Sci, Mobile, AL 36688 USA
Dauphin Isl Sea Lab, Dauphin Isl, AL 36528 USAUniv S Alabama, Dept Marine Sci, Mobile, AL 36688 USA
Ajemian, M. J.
Sohel, S.
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Abo Akad Univ, Huso Biol Stn, FIN-20520 Turku, FinlandUniv S Alabama, Dept Marine Sci, Mobile, AL 36688 USA
Sohel, S.
Mattila, J.
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Abo Akad Univ, Huso Biol Stn, FIN-20520 Turku, FinlandUniv S Alabama, Dept Marine Sci, Mobile, AL 36688 USA
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Charles Sturt Univ, Inst Land Water & Soc, Albury, NSW, Australia
Tech Univ Munich, Aquat Syst Biol, Freising Weihenstephan, Germany
LAZBW, Fisheries Res Stn Baden Wurttemberg, Langenargen, GermanyCharles Sturt Univ, Inst Land Water & Soc, Albury, NSW, Australia
Bretzel, Joachim Benedikt
Geist, Juergen
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Tech Univ Munich, Aquat Syst Biol, Freising Weihenstephan, GermanyCharles Sturt Univ, Inst Land Water & Soc, Albury, NSW, Australia
Geist, Juergen
Gugele, Sarah Maria
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LAZBW, Fisheries Res Stn Baden Wurttemberg, Langenargen, GermanyCharles Sturt Univ, Inst Land Water & Soc, Albury, NSW, Australia
Gugele, Sarah Maria
Baer, Jan
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LAZBW, Fisheries Res Stn Baden Wurttemberg, Langenargen, GermanyCharles Sturt Univ, Inst Land Water & Soc, Albury, NSW, Australia
Baer, Jan
Brinker, Alexander
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LAZBW, Fisheries Res Stn Baden Wurttemberg, Langenargen, Germany
Univ Constance, Inst Limnol, Constance, GermanyCharles Sturt Univ, Inst Land Water & Soc, Albury, NSW, Australia
机构:
Univ S Alabama, Dept Marine Sci, Mobile, AL 36688 USA
Dauphin Isl Sea Lab, Dauphin Isl, AL 36528 USAUniv S Alabama, Dept Marine Sci, Mobile, AL 36688 USA
Ajemian, M. J.
Sohel, S.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Abo Akad Univ, Huso Biol Stn, FIN-20520 Turku, FinlandUniv S Alabama, Dept Marine Sci, Mobile, AL 36688 USA
Sohel, S.
Mattila, J.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Abo Akad Univ, Huso Biol Stn, FIN-20520 Turku, FinlandUniv S Alabama, Dept Marine Sci, Mobile, AL 36688 USA
机构:
Charles Sturt Univ, Inst Land Water & Soc, Albury, NSW, Australia
Tech Univ Munich, Aquat Syst Biol, Freising Weihenstephan, Germany
LAZBW, Fisheries Res Stn Baden Wurttemberg, Langenargen, GermanyCharles Sturt Univ, Inst Land Water & Soc, Albury, NSW, Australia
Bretzel, Joachim Benedikt
Geist, Juergen
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Tech Univ Munich, Aquat Syst Biol, Freising Weihenstephan, GermanyCharles Sturt Univ, Inst Land Water & Soc, Albury, NSW, Australia
Geist, Juergen
Gugele, Sarah Maria
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
LAZBW, Fisheries Res Stn Baden Wurttemberg, Langenargen, GermanyCharles Sturt Univ, Inst Land Water & Soc, Albury, NSW, Australia
Gugele, Sarah Maria
Baer, Jan
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
LAZBW, Fisheries Res Stn Baden Wurttemberg, Langenargen, GermanyCharles Sturt Univ, Inst Land Water & Soc, Albury, NSW, Australia
Baer, Jan
Brinker, Alexander
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
LAZBW, Fisheries Res Stn Baden Wurttemberg, Langenargen, Germany
Univ Constance, Inst Limnol, Constance, GermanyCharles Sturt Univ, Inst Land Water & Soc, Albury, NSW, Australia