Hybrid Cooling-Based Thermal Management of Containerised Vanadium Flow Battery Systems in Photovoltaic Applications

The integration of industrial batteries with photovoltaic applications is a common practice to charge the batteries using solar energy. Long-duration flow batteries are useful in dealing with the intermittency of renewable energy sources and offer a great opportunity for total fossil fuel replacement. In this study, the effects of different battery operation time and load profiles on the temperature dynamics of a containerised vanadium flow battery system are modelled and simulated for a range of locations and seasons to identify active cooling or heating requirements that might be needed to maintain safe operating temperatures. This paper explores and analyses the stack, tank, and container temperature dynamics of 6 h and 8 h containerised vanadium flow batteries (VFBs) during periods of higher charge and discharge current using computer simulations that apply insulation with passive or active hybrid cooling thermal management where needed to keep the battery temperature within a safe operating range under a range of climate conditions. According to the simulation results, when adopting the hybrid cooling strategy as described in the case study, for a 30 kW-240 kWh VFB system with ambient temperatures fluctuating between 25 degrees C and 45 degrees C, the monthly electricity consumption of the air conditioning system, calculated using average power, can be maintained at a relatively low level of approximately 330 kWh. By employing an air conditioning system with an airflow rate of 0.2 m(3)/s and a suitable thermal management strategy, it is sufficient to keep an 8 h system operating within a safe temperature range when the ambient temperature is between 15 degrees C and 35 degrees C. This study presents the first application of our previously developed containerised VFB thermodynamic model to explore the necessity of active cooling or heating in PV (photovoltaic) applications across different geographical locations and seasons. This analysis provides valuable insights for battery designers and manufacturers to understand the performance of containerised battery systems under various climate conditions. Furthermore, this paper is the first to apply this model for simulating 6 and 8 h batteries and to adopt a hybrid thermal management strategy. The simulation data offer guidance on whether active cooling or heating is required for industrialised vanadium batteries with capacities exceeding 6 h.