Sonocatalytic Degradation of Chrysoidine R Dye Using Ultrasonically Synthesized NiFe2O4 Catalyst

The novel ultrasound-assisted co-precipitation method was successfully applied for the synthesis of the NiFe2O4 catalyst, which offered the advantages of lower particle size and better crystalline structure without affecting the phase planes. Furthermore, the efficacy of synthesized catalysts was evaluated using ultrasound-assisted catalytic degradation of Chrysoidine R dye. The study was designed to evaluate the effect of different parameters, such as pH, duty cycle, power output, and catalyst loading on Chrysoidine R dye degradation using a 5 wt% NiFe2O4 catalyst synthesized ultrasonically. At the optimized condition of 120 W ultrasonic power, 70% duty cycle, 3 pH, 0.5 g/L catalyst loading, and 160 min of reaction time, the best degradation of 45.01% was obtained. At similar conditions, the conventionally synthesized catalyst resulted in about 15% less degradation. Chrysoidine R dye degradation was observed to follow second-order kinetics. To accelerate the degradation, studies were performed using hydrogen peroxide at various loadings where it was elucidated that optimum use of 75 ppm loading showed the maximum degradation of 92.83%, signifying the important role of the co-oxidant in ultrasound-assisted catalytic degradation of Chrysoidine R dye. Overall, the present study clearly demonstrated the potential benefits of ultrasound in catalyst synthesis as well as in catalytic degradation.