In-vivo analysis of Protec™ and β-glucan supplementation on innate immune performance and intestinal health of rainbow trout

Functional diets are often given to fish during key stages to improve health through the interaction of the feed components with the host intestine. The additional factors added in these diets are known to modulate the immune response and as such may also offer protection against pathogenic challenges. The present study was undertaken to evaluate whether beta-glucan supplementation for 6 weeks can alter the magnitude of immune response to immunological challenges and subsequently offer an improved innate immune response to bacterial challenge in rainbow trout. Two experimental diets were used to study these effects: a basic commercial diet supplemented with beta-glucan and a commercially available functional diet (ProtecTM) that has beta-glucan as a functional component in addition to other components were compared to a basic commercial control diet. No significant differences were observed in biometric data. Histological analysis revealed a significantly greater number of goblet cells in the fish fed ProtecTM and beta-glucan diets compared to those fed a control diet. Cell marker gene expression of distal intestine leucocytes indicated higher expression of T- and B-cells marker genes to both the beta-glucan containing diets in comparison to control. The ProtecTM diet demonstrated modulation of innate immune markers after 6 weeks of feeding with key antimicrobial genes (SAA, HAMP, IL-1 beta and TNF alpha) showing significant increases compared to the other diets. After stimulation with both PAMPs and an immune challenge with A. salmonicida fish fed the beta-glucan diet and the ProtecTM exhibited modulation of the innate immune response. An immune challenge with A. salmonicida was carried out to identify if dietary composition led to differences in the innate immune response of rainbow trout. Modulation of the magnitude of response in some immune genes (SAA, IL-1 beta and HAMP) was observed in both the distal intestine and head kidney in the ProtecTM and beta-glucan fed fish compared to those fed the control diet.