The ice-binding site of antifreeze protein irreversibly binds to cell surface for its hypothermic protective function

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are multifunctional polypeptides that adsorb onto ice crystals to inhibit their growth and onto cells to protect them from nonfreezing hypothermic damage. However, the mechanism by which AFP exerts its hypothermic cell protective (HCP) function remains uncertain. Here, we assessed the HCP function of three types of fish-derived AFPs (type I, II, and III AFPs) against human T-lymphoblastic lymphoma by measuring the survival rate (%) of the cells after preservation at 4 degrees C for 24 h. All AFPs improved the survival rate in a concentration-dependent manner, although the HCP efficiency was inferior for type III AFP compared to other AFPs. In addition, after point mutations were introduced into the ice-binding site (IBS) of a type III AFP, HCP activity was dramatically increased, suggesting that the IBS of AFP is involved in cell adsorption. Significantly, high HCP activity was observed for a mutant that exhibited poorer antifreeze activity, indicating that AFP exerts HCP- and ice-binding functions through a different mechanism. We next incubated the cells in an AFP-containing solution, replaced it with pure EC solution, and then preserved the cells, showing that no significant reduction in the cell survival rate occurred for type I and II AFPs even after replacement. Thus, these AFPs irreversibly bind to the cells at 4 degrees C, and only tightly adsorbed AFP molecules contribute towards the cell-protection function.