A new assessment framework to forecast land use and carbon storage under different SSP-RCP scenarios in China

The vision of achieving "carbon neutrality" has created new requirements for the projection of land use and land cover (LULC), as well as the carbon storage (CS) of terrestrial ecosystem. Global-scale LULC scenario assessments with coarser resolution introduces uncertainties to national and regional-scale studies, which in turn has a negative impact on CS analysis based on land use perspective. Therefore, we proposed a new framework for scenario-based assessment that integrates the global-scale Land Use Harmonization (LUH2) dataset, Patchgenerating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model, and Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) model, which we called LUH2-PLUS-InVEST (LPI) model. Our aim is to investigate the potential impacts of the combinations of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) on China's future LULC and CS. By calibrating the demands, we generated structural predictions that were consistent with the actual land use. Furthermore, we explored the spatial heterogeneity of potential land use changes using 500 m x 500 m downscale simulations. Additionally, we developed a quantitative evaluation of CS from a spatiotemporal perspective and made recommendations on potential ecological threats. Our findings indicate that the basic characteristics of LULC and CS are determined by the natural context and that the prospects of land use distribution and carbon sequestration capacity are influenced by global emission pressure, regional competition, and China's unique development pattern. The results demonstrate that the LUH2-PLUS- INVEST model can provide an effective method for modeling the feedbacks of LULC and CS to the climate society system.