Factors Associated With Symptoms of Prolonged Grief and Psychological Distress Among Bereaved Family Members of Persons Who Died From Sudden Cardiac Arrest

BackgroundDeath from sudden cardiac arrest implies a stressful and challenging situation for bereaved family members with an increased risk of prolonged grief disorder and psychological distress.ObjectivesThe aims of this study were (1) to explore the associations between symptoms of prolonged grief and psychological distress and (2) to identify factors associated with symptoms of prolonged grief and psychological distress among bereaved family members of persons who died from sudden cardiac arrest.MethodsThis cross-sectional survey included bereaved adult family members. Demographic data and measures of prolonged grief (Prolonged Grief Disorder-13), anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), posttraumatic stress (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5), and perceived social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support) were analyzed using Spearman's correlations (r(s)) as well as univariate and multiple linear regression analyses.ResultsIn total, 108 family members participated. Significant associations between symptoms of prolonged grief, anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress were identified (r(s) = 0.69-0.79, P < .001). Offered, sought, and/or received professional support from healthcare, lower levels of perceived social support, being a spouse of the deceased, female sex, younger age, and family presence during resuscitation were significantly associated with higher symptom levels of prolonged grief, anxiety, depression, and/or posttraumatic stress.ConclusionsThe results indicate that family members with higher levels of symptoms were offered, sought, and/or received professional support. However, because a minority are offered professional support after deaths from cardiac arrest, future interventions need to proactively identify family members in need of support. Furthermore, perceived social support seems to be an important factor for family members of persons who died from cardiac arrest.