Modelling of wind turbine wakes over forests along the diurnal cycle

This work presents a methodology for the Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) of the continuous transition of atmospheric stability over forests along the diurnal cycle and its effect on the turbulence characteristics of wind turbine wakes. The forest is modelled as a porous surface where temperature changes, transferred to the air via sensible transport, are caused by the variation of net radiation and in proportion to the tree height and leaf density. The flow is driven by a pressure gradient including Coriolis forcing to allow for the development of nocturnal inertial oscillations. An actuator disk is employed to model the wake of a wind turbine located in Ryningsn<spacing diaeresis>as, Sweden, for which metmast measurements are available to carry out a comparison. Results show a good prediction of the inflow and wake characteristics during daytime whereas turbulence fluctuations seem to be overestimated during night periods, attributed to a combination of an excess in geostrophic velocity and coarse mesh resolution. Observations of velocity, heat flux, potential temperature, velocity spectra and other higher order statistics are used to characterize the diurnal variations both in the inflow and across the wake. The results show that the model is capable of representing the turbulence flow dynamics during the diurnal stability transition, hence laying the ground to future studies to assess the performance of wind parks over forested areas.