Changes in the structure and function of the left ventricle in patients with gout: A study based on three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography

Purpose: Studies have shown that gout can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (3D-STE), a sensitive imaging technology, enables the detection of subtle myocardial dysfunctions. Our aim is to evaluate the left ventricular (LV) functions in patients with gout using 3D-STE. Methods: 80 subjects: 40 with gout and 40 as normal controls were involved. We obtained and analyzed these parameters from the dynamic images of a 3D full-volume dataset: global longitudinal strain (GLS), global circumferential strain (GCS), global radial strain (GRS), Twist, 16-segmental time-to-peak longitudinal strain (TTP) and systolic dyssynchrony index (SDI)besides other relevant parameters. Results: Compared with the normal group, gout patients were more likely to have left ventricular remodeling. The patients with gout showed decreased Em, increased E/Em and larger volume index of the left atrium (LAVI) indicating reduced diastolic function. The peak GLS (-17.42 +/- 2.02 vs.-22.40 +/- 2.57, P < 0.001), GCS (-27.04 +/- 3.75 vs.-34.85 +/- 4.99, P < 0.001), GRS (38.22 +/- 4.28 vs. 46.15 +/- 5.17, P < 0.001), and Twist (15.18 +/- 5.45 vs. 19.02 +/- 5.29, P = 0.015) were significantly lower in patients with gout than in healthy participants. The SDI (5.57 +/- 1.46 vs. 4.91 +/- 1.19, P = 0.016) was significantly increased in patients with gout compared with normal controls. There was no significant between-group difference in TTP (P = 0.43). The systolic GLS, GRS and GCS peak values increased gradually from the base to the apex, with the lowest values in the basal segment in patients with gout. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis revealed among these strains GLS has the larg-est area under the curve (AUC: 0.93, P < 0.001), the cutoff value of-18.97% with a sensitivity and specificity of 80.0% and 92.0%, respectively, for differentiating two groups. A multivariate linear regression analysis shows that the relationship between gout and strain parameters including GLS, GRS, and GCS is statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Although patients with gout having a normal ejection fraction, structural remodeling of the left ventricle and subclinical LV deformation may occur. 3D-STE can detect subtle cardiac dysfunctions in patients with gout at an early stage.