Perovskite oxides as efficient bioactive inorganic materials in tissue engineering: A review

Tissue engineering has emerged as an attractive technology because of some limitations in using allograft, xenograft, and autologous implants which include immunological problems, disease spread, and implant failure. Tissue engineering is a promising approach which employs an artificial biomimetic scaffold for tissue regeneration and do not exhibit these difficulties. To repair or replace tissues, tissue engineering uses scaffolds, host cells, and physiologically bioactive substances. The scaffolds applied in tissue engineering should display biomechanical stability, biodegradability, and biocompatibility in order to stimulate formation of new tissues in presence of native host tissues. The physicochemical and biomedical properties of scaffolds are extremely ver-satile based on their structures, mechanical features, biocompatibility, piezoelectricity, antibacterial and anti-microbial capacities, toxicity, and cell proliferation capabilities. Because of their highly significant roles in tissue engineering, this paper presents crucial and cutting-edge results reported on biologically active and piezoelectric materials based on BaTiO3, MgTiO3, CaTiO3, and SrTiO3 perovskite oxides and their composites in tissue engineering (particularly in bone tissues). Also, cellular adhesion, migration, proliferation, protein adsorption, spreading, viability, and differentiation on scaffolds fabricated using these perovskite oxides are investigated via biological and clinical tests. It is demonstrated that the use of such perovskite oxides could be a promising approach to engineer superior scaffolds for tissue engineering. Finally, this review can serve as an essential archive for further studies on application of piezoelectric perovskite oxides in tissue regeneration.