Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Derived Printing: A Review of Workflow, Current, and Future Applications

Purpose of ReviewWhile most of the work pertaining to 3D printing in cardiology has been based on 3D CT and MRI datasets, due to the recent advents in 3D printing and 3D echocardiography, 3D printing from echocardiography has now become feasible. In this review, we discuss the workflow, applications, limitations, and potential future directions of 3D echocardiography-based 3D printing.Recent Findings3D printing using 3D echocardiographic datasets has been successfully deployed in the field of cardiovascular medicine in the twenty-first century. It was shown to provide a significant additive value particularly with regards to visualization of valves and subvalvar apparatus. Given its limitations of limited field of view and somewhat lower spatial resolution, this approach is likely ideally suited for a combined multi-modality-based printing.Patient-specific, 3D echocardiography-derived 3D-printed models are now quite feasible. This can be used for surgical/procedural planning and training for optimal outcomes.