Life-cycle economic analysis of thermal energy storage, new and second-life batteries in buildings for providing multiple flexibility services in electricity markets

More energy flexibility is required to alleviate the stress of power systems caused by intermittent and weather -dependent solar and wind power. The utilization of demand-side flexibility (e.g., flexibility management stra-tegies and distributed storage technologies) can be considered a win-win approach for demand-side users and power grids. However, the economic benefits of distributed energy storage systems in buildings are usually underestimated without considering the full-scale flexibility utilization, which may impede storage investments. Meanwhile, the disposal problem of retired EV batteries is becoming more serious. Repurposing these batteries for stationary applications in buildings seems cost-effective and eco-friendly. Therefore, this study first proposes novel optimal dispatch strategies for different storage systems in buildings to maximize their benefits from providing multiple grid flexibility services simultaneously, and then conducts a comparative life-cycle economic analysis on thermal energy storage, new and second-life batteries. The optimal configuration of hybrid storage systems is also analyzed to facilitate the decision-making of building owners/operators. Test results show that thermal energy storage and electrical energy storage can increase the economic benefits by 13% and 2.6 times, respectively. Battery storage may no longer be an expensive option for building-scale investment due to downward trends in capacity costs and environmental impacts.