Comprehensive assessment of the performance of a multismartphone measurement system for landslide model test

Physical modelling is a useful method to examine how landslides deform and fail at the laboratory scale. Reliable and accurate measurement systems are required for landslide model tests. This study comprehensively evaluates the performance of a multismartphone measurement (MSM) system for landslide model tests. Two slope models with different particle sizes were selected to assess the trueness and precision of the MSM system based on photogrammetry techniques under varied conditions, including different smartphone qualities and phone configurations. Benchmark data from a 3D laser scanner and preprinted markers were employed in the entire-point tests and marker-point tests, respectively. In addition, the MSM system's application test for monitoring landslides is presented. The results show that the system can be applied to achieve both trueness and precision at the millimetre level and submillimetre level in the entire-point tests and marker-point tests, respectively. Best-practice settings of the MSM system based on assessment tests are suggested for landslide slope models. The deformation behaviour of the excavation-induced slope model in the application test was clearly illustrated through the marker-based MSM system.