3D bioprinting in bioremediation: a comprehensive review of principles, applications, and future directions

Bioremediation is experiencing a paradigm shift by integrating three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting. This transformative approach augments the precision and versatility of engineering with the functional capabilities of material science to create environmental restoration strategies. This comprehensive review elucidates the foundational principles of 3D bioprinting technology for bioremediation, its current applications in bioremediation, and the prospective avenues for future research and technological evolution, emphasizing the intersection of additive manufacturing, functionalized biosystems, and environmental remediation; this review delineates how 3D bioprinting can tailor bioremediation apparatus to maximize pollutant degradation and removal. Innovations in biofabrication have yielded bio-based and biodegradable materials conducive to microbial proliferation and pollutant sequestration, thereby addressing contamination and adhering to sustainability precepts. The review presents an in-depth analysis of the application of 3D bioprinted constructs in enhancing bioremediation efforts, exemplifying the synergy between biological systems and engineered solutions. Concurrently, the review critically addresses the inherent challenges of incorporating 3D bioprinted materials into diverse ecological settings, including assessing their environmental impact, durability, and integration into large-scale bioremediation projects. Future perspectives discussed encompass the exploration of novel biocompatible materials, the automation of bioremediation, and the convergence of 3D bioprinting with cutting-edge fields such as nanotechnology and other emerging fields. This article posits 3D bioprinting as a cornerstone of next-generation bioremediation practices, offering scalable, customizable, and potentially greener solutions for reclaiming contaminated environments. Through this review, stakeholders in environmental science, engineering, and technology are provided with a critical appraisal of the current state of 3D bioprinting in bioremediation and its potential to drive forward the efficacy of environmental management practices