Influence of temperature change on the immobilization of soil Pb and Zn by hydrochar: Roles of soil microbial modulation

Considering the potential effect of the ambient temperature on soil microorganisms during heavy metal immobilization by hydrochar, 60 days of soil incubation was conducted to explore the impact of ambient temperature (5, 25, and 35 degrees C) on the immobilization of Pb and Zn by chitosan-magnetic sawdust hydrochar (CMSH) and magnetic chitosan hydrochar (MCH). The results showed that soil pH was relatively high and total organic carbon (TOC) was slightly lower in the 35 degrees C treatment. The diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) available state content decreased significantly with the temperature increasing. Meanwhile, the ratios of stable Pb and Zn in the sequential extraction method proposed by the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) gradually increased with increasing temperature. The heatmap based on microbial community showed that elevated temperature not only favored the enrichment of metal-stable phyla, such as Chloroflexi, but was also involved in inhibiting the growth of Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, and Proteobacteria. Meanwhile, different genera (Fonticella and Bacillus) in the Firmicutes phylum had distinct responses to temperature as well as to heavy metal immobilization effects. Subsequently, redundancy analysis confirmed that Chloroflexi and Fonticella were positively correlated with temperature and stable state metal content, while Actinobacteriota and Bacillus were negatively correlated with temperature and were positively correlated with DTPA available metal content. Moreover, Pb and Zn indicators displayed significant correlations for the dominant genera (R2 > 0.8, p < 0.02).