Exploring the synergistic effects of biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on phosphorus acquisition in tomato plants by using gene expression analyses

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are symbiotic organisms that contribute significantly to plant mineral nutrition, mainly phosphate. However, their benefits are constricted by the availability of phosphate in the soil, and thus they are recalcitrant as amendment in highly fertilized soils. Biochars are by-products of the pyrolysis of biomass in the ab-sence of oxygen. They can improve soil properties and act as a source of nutrients for plants. However, depending on their origin, the final composition of biochars is extremely variable and thus, their efficiency unpredictable. In order to gain mechanistic insights into how the combined application of biochars and AM fungi contribute to plant phosphate nutrition and growth, we used gene expression analyses of key symbiotic marker genes. We compared for this analysis two biochars originated from very different feedstocks (chicken manure and wheat straw) on tomato plants with or without the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. Our results show that the synergy between AM fungi and biochars as P biofertilizers is greatly governed by the origin of the biochar that determines the speed at which phosphate is re-leased to the soil and absorbed by the plant. Thus, chicken manure biochar quickly impacted on plant growth by read-ily releasing P, but it turned out detrimental for symbiosis formation, decreasing colonization levels and expression of key symbiotic plant marker genes such as SlPT4 or SlFatM. In contrast, wheat straw biochar was inferior at improving plant growth but stimulated the establishment of the symbiosis, producing plants with the same concentration of phos-phate as those with the chicken manure. Taken together, slow P releasing biochars from plant residues appears to be a more promising amendment for long terms experiments in which biofertilizers such as AM fungi are considered. Fur-thermore, our results indicate that implementing plant transcriptomic analyses might help to mechanistically dissect and better understand the effects of biochars on plant growth in different scenarios.