Risk-constrained day-ahead planning of an energy hub integrated with the on-site hydrogen fueling station and active battery swapping infrastructure considering high level of renewable energies and load redistribution

The presence of green technologies has increased in recent years due to their efficiency and capability to mitigate environmental issues. This paper evaluates the day-ahead planning of an energy hub integrated with the on-site hydrogen fueling station and active battery swapping infrastructure considering the high level of renewable energies. According to the indeterminate nature of energy systems, the power of wind and solar units, state of vehicles in stations, local loads and price of markets are modeled by diffident scenarios and then, the conditional value-at-risk metric is utilized to measure the risk of decisions. The influence of load redistribution on electrical, heating and cooling loads is also examined and a sensitivity analysis is proposed to assess the role of various parameters on the objective function. The results indicate that the risk-averse strategy decreases profit for a specific conservatism level by 5.68 % to improve the robustness against uncertainties; however, lower risks can be achieved by changing the risk control index. The simulations demonstrate that the swapping station acts as a bulk storage, especially considering the high penetration of renewable resources. In addition, load redistribution has a positive effect, where the load profile modification equal to 10 % increases profit by 4.55 %.