RCCI combustion of ammonia in dual fuel engine with early injection of diesel fuel

Ammonia has gained considerable attention as a valuable, carbon-free alternative fuel for internal combustion engine (ICE) applications. The growing interest in ammonia's potential as an energy source stems primarily from its advantageous storage and transport properties. The reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion mode presents a promising avenue for overcoming the challenges intrinsic to conventional diesel engines, such as elevated nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. Additionally, it addresses the limitations of both homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion (limited operational range) and premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) combustion (diminished power output). The application of an ammonia-based RCCI combustion strategy emerges as a viable pathway for harnessing ammonia as a fuel. In this study, a numerical simulation on a single -cylinder heavy-duty engine operated in RCCI mode is conducted utilizing ammonia and diesel as fuels. The engine is operated at medium load and 910 RPM. The simulation results are validated against experimental data sourced from existing literature. The study investigates the impact of varying ammonia energy fractions, injection timing, and intake valve close temperature (TIVC) on key operational characteristics of the engine including in -cylinder pressure, heat release rate (HRR), combustion efficiency (CE), indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), and emission levels. The results indicated that increasing the ammonia energy fraction within the RCCI combustion mode, transitioning from 30 % to 70 %, leads to a notable enhancement in IMEP, while maintaining low levels of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), unburned ammonia, and nitrous oxide (N2O) as greenhouse gases (GHG). Furthermore, increasing ammonia's energy fraction yielded a discernible reduction in NOx emissions and carbon dioxide (CO2). Conversely, the RCCI combustion mode attained superiority over the dual fuel combustion mode by simultaneously elevating CE and diminishing emissions of GHG, (CO2 and N2O) as well as unburned NH3.