A comprehensive review on triboelectric nanogenerators based on Real-Time applications in energy harvesting and Self-Powered sensing

The recent developments in Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG) devices, which gather biomechanical energy from the human body movement, have been outstanding. The output of TENG-based devices helps to power up a few electronic devices, and energy is stored using supercapacitors. Triboelectric nanogenerator has also demonstrated their potential in various sectors, particularly in the biomedical field, by facilitating real-time monitoring of health conditions using implantable health monitoring devices. The excellent performance of the device depends on the materials used, where both the benefit and challenge during the material selection process is the wide choice of materials available. The appropriate material selection helps to enhance the TENG device's output in all four operation modes. The electrical output is also enhanced by hybrid devices that are a combination of TENG and EMG principles (electromagnetic induction and triboelectrification). Electrons will transfer between oppositely charged materials via the TENG contact and separation process because of the electrostatic effect. This work briefly discusses the overview of modes of TENG and materials with charges. This work is categorized TENG based on its application and electrical performance in different fields, such as wearable, recyclable, portable, hybrid, fully packed, commercial, and artificial intelligence & computing techniques. The TENG device occupies a unique position with flexibility, ease of fabrication, material availability, lightweight, cheap cost, portability, and high efficiency at a low operating frequency.