Machine learning-based social media bot detection: a comprehensive literature review

In today's digitalized era, Online Social Networking platforms are growing to be a vital aspect of each individual's daily life. The availability of the vast amount of information and their open nature attracts the interest of cybercriminals to create malicious bots. Malicious bots in these platforms are automated or semi-automated entities used in nefarious ways while simulating human behavior. Moreover, such bots pose serious cyber threats and security concerns to society and public opinion. They are used to exploit vulnerabilities for illicit benefits such as spamming, fake profiles, spreading inappropriate/false content, click farming, hashtag hijacking, and much more. Cybercriminals and researchers are always engaged in an arms race as new and updated bots are created to thwart ever-evolving detection technologies. This literature review attempts to compile and compare the most recent advancements in Machine Learning-based techniques for the detection and classification of bots on five primary social media platforms namely Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, Twitter, and Weibo. We bring forth a concise overview of all the supervised, semi-supervised, and unsupervised methods, along with the details of the datasets provided by the researchers. Additionally, we provide a thorough breakdown of the extracted feature categories. Furthermore, this study also showcases a brief rundown of the challenges and opportunities encountered in this field, along with prospective research directions and promising angles to explore.