A pH-sensitive field-effect transistor for monitoring of cancer cell external acid environment

The external acid environment of cancer cells is different from that of normal cells, making a profound impact on cancer progression. Here we report a simple poly-L-lysine-modified graphene field-effect transistor (PLL@G-FET) for in situ monitoring of extracellular acidosis around cancer cells. PLL is a well-known material with good biocompatibility and is rich in amino groups that are sensitive to hydrogen ions. After a simple drop-casting of PLL on the reduced graphene oxide (RGO) FET surface, the PLL@G-FET was able to realize the real-time monitoring of the localized pH change of cancer cells after the cancer cells were grown on the device. The PLL@G-FET sensor achieved a Nernstian value of 52.9 mV/pH in phosphate buffer saline from pH 4.0 to 8.0. In addition, the sensor exhibited excellent biocompatibility as well as good anti-interference ability in the cell culture medium. Furthermore, the device was used to real-time monitor the extracellular pH changes of MCF-7 cells under the intervention of different concentrations of drugs. This developed pH-sensitive FET provides a new method to study the extracellular acid environment in situ and helps us to enhance our understanding of cancer cell metabolism.