Dilemmas Related to Direct-Acting Oral Anticoagulant Administration in Patients With Extreme Obesity

Objective: The objective of the study was to discuss the controversies surrounding the use and dosing of direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in obese patients recognizing the limitations of the existing evidence base that preclude strong recommendations. Data Sources: A literature search of MEDLINE was performed (2020 to end August 2022) subsequent to recent guidelines using the following search terms: direct acting anticoagulants, obesity, rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban, dabigatran, dabigatran etexilate, and clinical practice guidelines. Study Selection and Data Abstraction: English-language studies and those conducted in adults were selected. Data Synthesis: The available randomized studies evaluating DOACs had relatively small numbers of patients with more extreme forms of obesity (body mass index [BMI] > 40 kg/m(2)) and none of the larger studies had a specific focus on dosing DOACs in obese patients. Recent guidelines by the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) have specific recommendations for dosing DOACs in obesity. There are pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic and observational studies published before and after the ISTH guidelines with a focus on DOAC dosing in obese patients that generally support the recommendations in the guidelines, but most involved small numbers of patients usually with BMIs Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: This review discusses DOAC dosing in obesity with important considerations for clinicians related to DOAC choice and dosing. Conclusions: Dosing alterations of DOACs do not appear to be necessary when used for either prophylaxis or treatment in patients with BMIs up to approximately 45 to 50 kg/m(2), but research is needed for BMIs >50 kg/m(2).