Energy-efficient lane-change motion planning for personalized autonomous driving

With the aim of realizing energy-efficient, personalized, and safe mobility, a novel lane-changing motion plan-ning strategy for personalized energy-efficient autonomous driving is proposed in this research. The key tech-nologies consist of trajectory planning and trajectory tracking. Taking the quintic polynomials as the general trajectory cluster generator, the overall trajectory planning is converted into a constrained optimization problem using the lane-changing duration. The feasible and safe lane-changing trajectories can be extracted from the general trajectory cluster by introducing a stable handling envelope and a safe lane-changing area considering the constraints of vehicle dynamics limitation and surrounding traffic vehicles. A driving style identification module is developed based on multi-class Gaussian process classification utilizing real driving data to determine the trajectories that can characterize personalized features. Reflecting the constraints of feasibility, safety, and personalization on the boundaries of lane-changing duration, an energy-optimal lane-changing trajectory rep-resenting a specific driving style can be found and regarded as a reference. To precisely and rapidly control the vehicle to track the reference trajectory, a real-time nonlinear model predictive controller is designed and solved utilizing the parallel method. The algorithms proposed above are integrated and Driver-in-the-Loop experimental verifications are conducted. Experiment results demonstrated that the proposed strategy is able to realize lane change with an energy saving rate of 2.87% to 5.73% compared with human drivers' maneuver. Comparative simulation with a typical automatic lane-change model also shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach, which is capable of not only accomplishing the energy-efficient lane change but also satisfying human driver's personalized driving preferences.