Contents and health risk assessments of selected heavy metals in vegetables produced through irrigation with effluent-impacted river

The widely consumed vegetables, khat, lettuce, and Swiss chard, in Hirna town, West Hararghe, Ethiopia, are extensively cultivated through irrigation with an effluent-impacted river that flows through the town which denotes that monitoring the safety of the vegetables is crucial. Herein, the contents of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Cd in vegetables, water, and soils were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after a wet digestion procedure based on a mixture of HNO3 and HClO4 at 200 degrees C. pH and electrical conductivity of the water and soil, and health risks associated with vegetable consumption were determined. The pH of the water (6.64) and soil (6.67) was slightly acidic, and electrical conductivity values were 0.416 and 0.024 mS/cm, respectively, indicating both are in good condition. The metal concentrations were in the range of ND-3.12, 3.43-9.22, and 0.15-10.6 mg/L in the water, soil, and vegetables, respectively, and the contents followed a trend of Cu > Zn > Cr > Pb > Cd. The irrigation water contained all metals above the guidelines except Cd, and the soil contained safe levels except Cd which is above the guideline. The obtained metal levels in the vegetables were below the safe limits. Estimated daily intakes and the total target cancer risks were below the guidelines, and the target hazard quotient and the hazard index were below 1 indicating that the vegetables are safe for consumption. In general, the obtained results suggest that the vegetables are safe for consumption. However, continuous monitoring and policy development are required to mitigate contamination of the river.