Interventions to enhance healthcare utilisation among pregnant women to reduce maternal mortality in low- and middle-income countries: a review of systematic reviews

BackgroundMaternal mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) has reduced considerably over the past three decades, but it remains high. Effective interventions are available, but their uptake and coverage remain low. We reviewed and synthesised evidence from systematic reviews on interventions to increase healthcare services utilisation to reduce maternal mortality in LMICs.MethodsWe searched Medline PubMed and Cochrane Library databases for systematic reviews published between January 2014 and December 2021, investigating interventions to increase healthcare services uptake among pregnant women in LMICs. We used the AMSTAR tool (A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews) to assess the methodological quality of the included reviews. We extracted data on the interventions and their effects and grouped them into broad groups based on the outcomes reported in each systematic review.ResultsWe retrieved 4,022 articles. After removing duplicates and screening, we included 14 systematic reviews.Male-partner interventions were effective in increasing skilled birth attendance (SBA) postnatal visits and maternal antiretroviral (ART) uptake for HIV-positive pregnant women. However, there was no evidence of their effectiveness on increased early ANC initiation or adequate ANC visits.Mobile health interventions were effective in increasing adequate ANC visits, SBA, facility-based service utilisation, early ANC initiation, and adherence to nutritional supplements.Incentive-based interventions, particularly financial incentives, were effective in increasing the number of ANC visits but not postnatal visits.Facility-based interventions were effective in increasing postnatal visits, maternal ART initiation and uptake, immunisation uptake and follow-up ANC visits. None of the reviews assessed their impact on SBA or adequate ANC visits.Community-based interventions were effective in increasing SBA, ANC service utilisation, ART initiation and uptake, and nutritional supplements and immunisation uptake.ResultsWe retrieved 4,022 articles. After removing duplicates and screening, we included 14 systematic reviews.Male-partner interventions were effective in increasing skilled birth attendance (SBA) postnatal visits and maternal antiretroviral (ART) uptake for HIV-positive pregnant women. However, there was no evidence of their effectiveness on increased early ANC initiation or adequate ANC visits.Mobile health interventions were effective in increasing adequate ANC visits, SBA, facility-based service utilisation, early ANC initiation, and adherence to nutritional supplements.Incentive-based interventions, particularly financial incentives, were effective in increasing the number of ANC visits but not postnatal visits.Facility-based interventions were effective in increasing postnatal visits, maternal ART initiation and uptake, immunisation uptake and follow-up ANC visits. None of the reviews assessed their impact on SBA or adequate ANC visits.Community-based interventions were effective in increasing SBA, ANC service utilisation, ART initiation and uptake, and nutritional supplements and immunisation uptake.ResultsWe retrieved 4,022 articles. After removing duplicates and screening, we included 14 systematic reviews.Male-partner interventions were effective in increasing skilled birth attendance (SBA) postnatal visits and maternal antiretroviral (ART) uptake for HIV-positive pregnant women. However, there was no evidence of their effectiveness on increased early ANC initiation or adequate ANC visits. Mobile health interventions were effective in increasing adequate ANC visits, SBA, facility-based service utilisation, early ANC initiation, and adherence to nutritional supplements.Incentive-based interventions, particularly financial incentives, were effective in increasing the number of ANC visits but not postnatal visits.Facility-based interventions were effective in increasing postnatal visits, maternal ART initiation and uptake, immunisation uptake and follow-up ANC visits. None of the reviews assessed their impact on SBA or adequate ANC visits.Community-based interventions were effective in increasing SBA, ANC service utilisation, ART initiation and uptake, and nutritional supplements and immunisation uptake.ResultsWe retrieved 4,022 articles. After removing duplicates and screening, we included 14 systematic reviews.Male-partner interventions were effective in increasing skilled birth attendance (SBA) postnatal visits and maternal antiretroviral (ART) uptake for HIV-positive pregnant women. However, there was no evidence of their effectiveness on increased early ANC initiation or adequate ANC visits.Mobile health interventions were effective in increasing adequate ANC visits, SBA, facility-based service utilisation, early ANC initiation, and adherence to nutritional supplements.Incentive-based interventions, particularly financial incentives, were effective in increasing the number of ANC visits but not postnatal visits.Facility-based interventions were effective in increasing postnatal visits, maternal ART initiation and uptake, immunisation uptake and follow-up ANC visits. None of the reviews assessed their impact on SBA or adequate ANC visits.Community-based interventions were effective in increasing SBA, ANC service utilisation, ART initiation and uptake, and nutritional supplements and immunisation uptake.ResultsWe retrieved 4,022 articles. After removing duplicates and screening, we included 14 systematic reviews.Male-partner interventions were effective in increasing skilled birth attendance (SBA) postnatal visits and maternal antiretroviral (ART) uptake for HIV-positive pregnant women. However, there was no evidence of their effectiveness on increased early ANC initiation or adequate ANC visits.Mobile health interventions were effective in increasing adequate ANC visits, SBA, facility-based service utilisation, early ANC initiation, and adherence to nutritional supplements.Incentive-based interventions, particularly financial incentives, were effective in increasing the number of ANC visits but not postnatal visits.Facility-based interventions were effective in increasing postnatal visits, maternal ART initiation and uptake, immunisation uptake and follow-up ANC visits. None of the reviews assessed their impact on SBA or adequate ANC visits.Community-based interventions were effective in increasing SBA, ANC service utilisation, ART initiation and uptake, and nutritional supplements and immunisation uptake.ResultsWe retrieved 4,022 articles. After removing duplicates and screening, we included 14 systematic reviews.Male-partner interventions were effective in increasing skilled birth attendance (SBA) postnatal visits and maternal antiretroviral (ART) uptake for HIV-positive pregnant women. However, there was no evidence of their effectiveness on increased early ANC initiation or adequate ANC visits.Mobile health interventions were effective in increasing adequate ANC visits, SBA, facility-based service utilisation, early ANC initiation, and adherence to nutritional supplements. Incentive-based interventions, particularly financial incentives, were effective in increasing the number of ANC visits but not postnatal visits.Facility-based interventions were effective in increasing postnatal visits, maternal ART initiation and uptake, immunisation uptake and follow-up ANC visits. None of the reviews assessed their impact on SBA or adequate ANC visits.Community-based interventions were effective in increasing SBA, ANC service utilisation, ART initiation and uptake, and nutritional supplements and immunisation uptake.ConclusionOur findings show that the different interventions effectively improved different outcomes on the maternal healthcare continuum. Implementing these interventions in combination has the potential to enhance healthcare service uptake further.