Resident and migrant birds use livestock dung pats for foraging

Low intensity grazing is an increasingly used tool in conservation. It creates beneficial conditions for biodiversity by shaping structural diverse habitats. An important resource provided by grazing are dung pats because many species are associated with those, especially arthropods. Because most birds depend on arthropods as a food source, dung pats may improve food availability. To investigate the role of dung pats as food-providing resources for birds, we conceived a camera trap study in the Black Forest National Park (Germany). Up to eight camera traps were simultaneously placed at dung pats of Heck cattle (Bos taurus) and Konik horses (Equus caballus) on low intensity grazing pastures. They recorded 229 foraging events of 26 different bird species between June 2021 and January 2022. Common Blackbirds (Turdus merula) were the most common foraging birds, typically breaking up dung pats in search of food and foraging up to 21 minutes at a single dung pat. Most other birds mainly picked up food items from the surface of dung pats. Birds used dung pats for foraging during the whole study period, even if they were covered with snow. Our study shows that dung pats can provide food for many bird species and highlights the importance of permanent low intensity grazing in conservation.