Metal-Based Photosensitizers as Inducers of Regulated Cell Death Mechanisms

Overthe last few decades, various forms of regulated cell death(RCD) have been discovered and were found to improve cancer treatment.Although there are several reviews on RCD induced by photodynamictherapy (PDT), a comprehensive summary covering metal-based photosensitizers(PSs) as RCD inducers has not yet been presented. In this review,we systematically summarize the works on metal-based PSs that inducedifferent types of RCD, including ferroptosis, immunogenic cell death(ICD), and pyroptosis. The characteristics and mechanisms of eachRCD are explained. At the end of each section, a summary of the reportedcommonalities between different metal-based PSs inducing the sameRCD is emphasized, and future perspectives on metal-based PSs inducingnovel forms of RCD are discussed at the end of the review. Consideringthe essential roles of metal-based PSs and RCD in cancer therapy,we hope that this review will provide the stage for future advancesin metal-based PSs as RCD inducers.