The effect of thermal barrier coatings and neural networks on the stability, performance, and emission characteristics of Pongamia water emulsion biodiesel in compression ignition engines

Consumption of petroleum derivatives has triggered extremely negative effects on the environ-ment, to illustrate, global warming. This research is intended to use biodiesel as a fuel in diesel engines, and a water-emulsion technique is proposed. This study considers Pongamia biodiesel fuel blend proportions specifically, B20, B40, B60, B80, and B100 by varying the surfactant rates to 1% and 2%. The emulsions of Pongamia biodiesel and water blends were prepared and named B20W5S2, B40W5S2, B60W5S2, B80W5S2, B100W5S2, and B100W10S2 by varying the surfac-tant rates as 1%, and 2%, and water as 5%,10% and 15% respectively. The biodiesel outcomes and the emission features of the biodiesel in the CI engine were analyzed with the help of a Neural Network (NN). B100W10S2 emulsion involved more specific fuel consumption than all other fuels. In full load conditions, diesel had high Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) compared to bio-diesel emulsions whereas B100W5S2 had a low BTE. The BTE of B20W5S2 was 7.14% higher at low-load conditions than that of diesel fuel. B100W5S2 emulsion was observed to emit 47.9% fewer Hydrocarbons (HC) than other blends and emulsions at all load conditions. The carbon monoxide emission was 3.33% at part load conditions and 5% less for full-load conditions in the case of B20W5S2 and B80W5S1 when compared with base fuel (diesel). All emulsions resulted in low NOx emissions compared to diesel. 550 PPM and 10% water contributed to the B100W10S2 emulsion. In this emulsion, 43.74% less NOx was observed compared to all other fuel blends at all load conditions. B20W5S2 emitted 2.88% low smoke in all the load conditions in comparison with diesel fuel.