Assessment of Surface Water Quality Using the Water Quality Index (IWQ), Multivariate Statistical Analysis (MSA) and Geographic Information System (GIS) in Oued Laou Mediterranean Watershed, Morocco

被引:29
作者
Azhari, Hamza El [1 ]
Cherif, El Khalil [2 ]
Sarti, Otmane [3 ]
Azzirgue, El Mustapha [1 ]
Dakak, Houria [4 ]
Yachou, Hasna [4 ]
da Silva, Joaquim C. G. Esteves [5 ]
Salmoun, Farida [1 ]
机构
[1] Abdelmalek Essaadi Univ, Sci & Technol Fac, Chem Dept, Lab Phys Chem Mat Nat Subst & Environm, Tangier 90090, Morocco
[2] Univ Lisbon, Inst Syst & Robot, Inst Super Tecn, P-1649004 Lisbon, Portugal
[3] Univ Abdelmalek Essaadi, Dept Chem Engn, Tangier 90000, Morocco
[4] Natl Inst Agr Res INRA, Reg Ctr Rabat, Res Unit Environm & Conservat Nat Resources, POB 6356,Inst, Rabat 10101, Morocco
[5] Univ Porto, Fac Ciencias, Ctr Invest Quim CIQUP, Dept Geociencias,Inst Ciencias Mol IMS,Dept Geocie, Rua Campo Alegre S-N, P-4169007 Porto, Portugal
关键词
Morocco; Oued Laou watershed; WQI; IWQI; surface water quality; hydro geochemistry; PDC; HCA; IDW; GROUNDWATER QUALITY; IRRIGATION PURPOSES; REGION; DRINKING; RIVER; SUITABILITY; GOVERNORATE; WQIS;
D O I
10.3390/w15010130
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
Surface water is used for a variety of purposes, including agriculture, drinking water, and other services. Therefore, its quality is crucial for irrigation, human welfare, and health. Thus, the main objective is to improve surface water quality assessment and geochemical analysis to evaluate anthropogenic activities' impact on surface water quality in the Oued Laou watershed, Northern Morocco. Thirteen surface water samples were characterized for 26 physicochemical and biological parameters. In this aspect, emerging techniques such as multivariate statistical approaches (MSA), water quality indices (WQI), irrigation water quality (IWQI), and Geographic Information System (GIS) were employed to identify the sources of surface water pollution, their suitability for consumption, and the distribution of surface water quality. The results showed that the major ion concentrations were reported in the following order: Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, and K+; and HCO3- > CO32- > Cl- > SO42- > NO3- > F- > PO43- > NO2-. It was also demonstrated that almost all parameters had concentrations lower than World Health Organization (WHO) limits, except for bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and the biochemical oxygen demand for five days (BOD5), which exceeded the WHO limits at 120 mg/L and 3 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the types of Ca2+-HCO3- (Calcium-Bicarbonate) and Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3- (Calcium-Magnesium-Bicarbonate) predominated in surface water. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicates that the Oued Laou river was exposed to two forms of contamination, the first being attributed to anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, while the second reflects the water-sediment interaction. The Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), reflecting the mineralization in the study area, has classified the samples into four clusters. The Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) of the WQI indicates that 7.69% and 38.46% of the surface water represent, respectively, excellent and good quality for drinking. At the same time, the IWQI revealed that 92.30% of the water surface is good for irrigation. As a result, the combination of WQIs, PCA, IWQI, and GIS techniques is effective in providing clear information for assessing the suitability of surface water for drinking and its controlling factors and can also support decision-making in susceptible locations such as the Oued Laou river in northern Morocco.
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页数:34
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