Microbial fuel cells for energy production in wastewater treatment plants-a review

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have emerged as a promising technology for the sustainable wastewater treatment and simultaneous recovery of energy. MFCs enable the direct conversion of organic matter in wastewater into electricity using the metabolic activity of exoelectrogenic bacteria through a bio-electrochemical process. Several feasibility studies have demonstrated the ability of MFCs to produce electricity efficiently while treating wastewater and validated their potential application. However, further optimization is still required to address the technological and economic challenges associated with scaling up of MFC systems, such as membrane performance and capital costs. This review examines the fundamental principles and applications of MFCs for power generation and sludge remediation. Key factors which influence the MFCs' efficiency, including electrode design and microbial communities, are also discussed. While MFCs have served as a cost-effective solution for integrated wastewater management and renewable energy recovery, additional research is needed to enhance their system designs and facilitate their commercial adoption.