Traditional rotary drilling methods for crude oil and natural gas extraction pose significant challenges and costs. To address these challenges and reduce drilling expenses, oil corporations are exploring innovative cost-cutting measures. Laser technology has emerged as a non-damaging alternative to conventional practices, attracting attention in the oil and gas industry. This study examines the feasibility of laser drilling as a promising alternative to rotary drilling techniques. The research provides an in-depth investigation of global research on the application of lasers in oil and gas well drilling, offering insights into the technology's potential and recommendations for its practical implementation in the oilfield. Extensive lab-scale tests have demonstrated the ability of modern laser types to spall, melt, and vaporize various rock types, from Berea sandstone to highly resistant granite and basalt. Studying the rate of penetration versus the required specific energy under different conditions to assess the technique's efficiency. It is reported from experimental work that the drillablility rate was not impacted by the fluid saturating the drilled rock. Advantages over traditional methods include increased penetration rates, reduced tripping, casing, and bit costs, improved well management, and enhanced sidetracking capabilities. Consequently, laser technology will provide the implementation of sustainable field operations, providing numerous benefits in terms of operational efficiency, reduced costs, and minimized environmental impact. Technology challenges still required to be researched, i.e., borehole cleaning, well control, beam downhole delivery, and complex formation conditions. The development of laser-assisted drill bits and downhole laser drilling machines could be achievable with the advancing laser technology and the continued research of the technique viability from the technical and economical perspectives. Crucial technical recommendations for laser drilling technology in the oil and gas industry include conducting a feasibility study, investing in research and development, validating the technology through field testing, prioritizing safety and environmental considerations, performing cost analysis, providing training programs, staying compliant with regulations, fostering collaboration and knowledge sharing, and continuously monitoring and improving performance. By following these recommendations, the industry can enhance drilling efficiency, reduce costs, and promote environmental sustainability.
