Differential Effects of Musical Expression of Emotions and Psychological Distress on Subjective Appraisals and Emotional Responses to Music

This study aims to investigate how musical expressions of emotion and individuals' psychological distress impact subjective ratings of emotional response and subjective appraisals, including familiarity, complexity, and preference. A sample of 123 healthy adults participated in an online survey experiment. After listening to four music excerpts with distinct musical expressions of emotional valence and arousal in a randomized sequence. Participants rated subjective emotions of energy, tension, and valence, as well as subjective appraisals, on a visual analogue scale ranging from 0 to 100. The results of repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated significant differences in emotional responses and appraisals across the ratings for different music excerpts (p > 0.01, respectively). The generalized linear mixed model results further revealed a significant main effect of musical valence on all emotional response dimensions of energy (& beta; = -4.73 **), tension (& beta; = 14.31 ***), valence level (& beta; = -18.81 ***), and subjective appraisal in terms of familiarity (& beta; = -23.06 ***), complexity (& beta; = -6.67 ***), and preference (& beta; = -19.54 ***). Musical arousal showed comparable results except for effects on emotional valence ratings. However, significant effects of psychological distress regarding depression, anxiety, and stress scores were only partially observed. Findings suggest that the expression of emotions through music primarily influences emotional responses and subjective appraisals, while the influence of an individual's psychological distress level may be relatively subtle.