Water consumption and wastewater generation from small-scale crude palm oil extraction in Ghana

被引：2

作者：

Awere, Eric ^{[1
,2
]}

Obeng, Peter ^{[3
]}

Bonoli, Alessandra ^{[2
]}

机构：

[1] Cape Coast Tech Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Cape Coast, Ghana

[2] Univ Bologna, Dept Civil Chem Environm & Mat Engn DICAM, via Terracini 28, I-40131 Bologna, Italy

[3] Univ Cape Coast, Dept Water & Sanitat, Cape Coast, Ghana

来源：

WATER PRACTICE AND TECHNOLOGY | 2023年 / 18卷 / 01期

关键词：

crude palm oil extraction; Ghana; small-scale industry; wastewater generation; water consumption; MILL EFFLUENT; THAILAND; INDUSTRY;

D O I：

10.2166/wpt.2022.158

中图分类号：

TV21 [水资源调查与水利规划];

学科分类号：

081501 ;

摘要：

This study assessed water consumption and wastewater generation by small-scale crude palm oil extraction mills in Ghana'sCentral Region. Twenty-five (25) mills were selected from four palm oil processing local government areas in the region. Aninterview guide was used to obtain information about the operations of the mills and corroborated through structured obser-vations. Water consumption and wastewater generation were measured using a graduated plastic bucket. Water for processingwas found to be sourced from hand-dug wells (56%), treated piped water (20%), boreholes with handpumps (16%) and rivers(8%). Water was bought at US$1.93 (boreholes) and US$2.89 (piped water) per cubic metre. The recurrent cost of water was thesame as that paid for domestic use. For a litre of palm oil produced, 0.760-2.391 L of water was consumed and 68-82%returned as wastewater. 68% of the water was used for boiling. The distance to the water source influenced the consumption,with higher water consumption recorded for mills with on-plot water sources. Higher recurrent costs of water did not necess-arily lead to lower water consumption. There was no significant difference in water consumption and wastewater productionbetween the wet and dry processing methods

引用

页码：86 / 101

页数：16