What Are the Various Comprehensive Treatment Models to Improve Self-Efficacy and Self-Management in Adolescents with Diabetes Mellitus? A Scoping Review

Background: This review aimed to synthesize intervention models involving the role of adolescent and family support as part of comprehensive care to improve self-efficacy and self-management among adolescents with Diabetes Mellitus (DM).Methods: A review was conducted to conform to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta -Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) standards. We searched PubMed, Research Gate, Science Direct, Cochrane Library databases, and grey literature. We included articles exploring family intervention models on improving self-efficacy and self-management among adolescents with DM, published from January 1, 2009, to June 30, 2022, and in English. Articles were declared eligible, reviewed critically, and then synthesized narra-tively. Results: We identified 487 abstracts and title records from the initial search and excluded 409 irrelevant studies. Sixty-six full-text articles were screened, and nine were included in the synthesis. Five articles presented findings from using models focusing on child and adolescent intervention, while in the remaining four articles, the inter-vention models involved adolescents and their caregivers or parents. Only two models provide comprehensive care that requires collaboration among healthcare providers, patients, and families. Adolescent self-efficacy and self-management schemes as intermediary variables are closely related to everything that can influence health behavior, metabolic control, and quality of life for adolescents, which requires support from a multidisciplinary collaborative team.Conclusion: Excellent comprehensive care team collaboration involving family support is essential to increase the self-efficacy and self-management of adolescents with DM.