A formamidopyrimidine derivative from the deoxyguanosine adduct produced by food contaminant acrylamide induces DNA replication block and mutagenesis

Acrylamide, a common food contaminant, is metabolically activated to glycidamide, which reacts with DNA at the N7 position of dG, forming N7-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-dG (GA(7)dG). Owing to its chemical lability, the mutagenic potency of GA(7)dG has not yet been clarified. We found that GA(7)dG undergoes ring-opening hydrolysis to form N-6-(2-deoxy-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-2,6-diamino-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-5-[N-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)formamido]pyrimidine (GA-FAPy-dG), even at neutral pH. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effects of GA-FAPy-dG on the efficiency and fidelity of DNA replication using an oligonucleotide carrying GA-FAPy-9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-d-arabinofuranosyl)guanine (dfG), a 2 '-fluorine substituted analog of GA-FAPy-dG. GA-FAPy-dfG inhibited primer extension by both human replicative DNA polymerase epsilon and the translesion DNA synthesis polymerases (Pol eta, Pol iota, Pol kappa, and Pol zeta) and reduced the replication efficiency by less than half in human cells, with single base substitution at the site of GA-FAPy-dfG. Unlike other formamidopyrimidine derivatives, the most abundant mutation was G:C > A:T transition, which was decreased in Pol kappa- or REV1-KO cells. Molecular modeling suggested that a 2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl group at the N-5 position of GA-FAPy-dfG can form an additional H-bond with thymidine, thereby contributing to the mutation. Collectively, our results provide further insight into the mechanisms underlying the mutagenic effects of acrylamide.