Early Canal Systems in the North American Southwest

被引:3
作者
Huckleberry, Gary [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
关键词
irrigation canals; stratigraphy; early agriculture; Southwest; canales de riego; estratigrafia; agricultura temprana; Suroeste; NEOLITHIC DEMOGRAPHIC-TRANSITION; IRRIGATION CANALS; UNITED-STATES; MESA VERDE; SITE; ARCHAEOLOGY; TUCSON; PUEBLO; MAIZE; LONG;
D O I
10.1017/aaq.2023.94
中图分类号
Q98 [人类学];
学科分类号
030303 ;
摘要
Current evidence suggests that Indigenous farmers in the North American Southwest began canal irrigation in the second millennium BC, marking an important change in food production technology. Early canal systems are preserved in alluvial floodplains of the US-Mexico Borderlands region, tend to be deeply buried, and can appear as natural fluvial features. Here I discuss some of the challenges in identifying early canals and associated fields and present case studies from the Santa Cruz River in southern Arizona where buried channels dating as early as 1600-1400 BC were likely human constructed. These small channels share several stratigraphic properties and are consistent with hypotheses of early canal irrigation practiced by small family groups reliant on mixed farming and foraging. Through time, irrigation canal systems expanded in size, resulting in increased labor investment, sedentism, and productivity and facilitating the development of larger irrigation communities. Stratigraphic and geomorphic properties of early canal systems thus far identified along the Santa Cruz River provide a framework for identifying potential early canal evidence in other fine-grained floodplains of the Southwest, thereby improving our understanding of Indigenous agricultural intensification. La evidencia actual sugiere que los agricultores indigenas del suroeste de America del Norte comenzaron el riego por canales en el segundo milenio aC, lo que marco un cambio importante en la tecnologia de produccion de alimentos. Los primeros sistemas de canales se conservan en llanuras aluviales de inundacion en las zonas fronterizas de EE.UU.-Mexico, tienden a estar profundamente enterrados, y puede aparecer como caracteristicas fluviales naturales. Aqui discuto algunos de los desafios en la identificacion de los primeros canales y campos y presento estudios de caso del rio Santa Cruz en el sur de Arizona, donde los canales enterrados que datan desde 1600-1400 aC probablemente fueron construidos por humanos. Estos pequenos canales comparten varias propiedades estratigraficas y son consistentes con las hipotesis de los primeros canales de riego practicados por pequenos grupos familiares que dependian de la agricultura mixta y la caza y la recoleccion. A lo largo del tiempo, los sistemas de canales de riego aumentaron de tamano, lo que resulto en una mayor inversion laboral, sedentarismo y productividad, y facilitar el desarrollo de comunidades de regantes mas grandes. Las propiedades estratigraficas y geomorficas de los primeros canales identificados hasta ahora a lo largo del rio Santa Cruz brindan un marco para identificar posibles evidencias de las sistemas de canales tempranos en otras llanuras aluviales de grano fino del suroeste y mejorar nuestra comprension de la intensificacion agricola indigena.
引用
收藏
页码:78 / 97
页数:20
相关论文
共 50 条
  • [31] Systemic sclerosis in Native Americans of the American Southwest
    Emil, N. Suzanne
    Vondenberg, Jaime A.
    Waters, Yvonne M.
    Muruganandam, Maheswari
    Ariza-Hutchinson, Angie
    Patel, Rosemina A.
    Nunez, Sharon E.
    Gibb, James, I
    McElwee, Matthew K.
    Poole, Janet L.
    O'Sullivan, Frank X.
    Fields, Roderick A.
    Sibbitt, Wilmer L., Jr.
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES, 2022, 25 (08) : 916 - 925
  • [32] Evidence of cacao use in the Prehispanic American Southwest
    Crown, Patricia L.
    Hurst, W. Jeffrey
    PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 2009, 106 (07) : 2110 - 2113
  • [33] Characteristics of Behcet's Disease in the American Southwest
    Muruganandam, Maheswari
    Rolle, Noelle A.
    Sibbitt, Wilmer L., Jr.
    Cook, Gladys B.
    Emil, N. Suzanne
    Fangtham, Monthida
    Reiter, Kimberly J.
    Bankhurst, Arthur D.
    SEMINARS IN ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM, 2019, 49 (02) : 296 - 302
  • [34] Early Warning Signals of Social Transformation: A Case Study from the US Southwest
    Spielmann, Katherine A.
    Peeples, Matthew A.
    Glowacki, Donna M.
    Dugmore, Andrew
    PLOS ONE, 2016, 11 (10):
  • [35] A simulink-based scheme for simulation of irrigation canal control systems
    Mantecón, JA
    Gómez, M
    Rodellar, J
    SIMULATION-TRANSACTIONS OF THE SOCIETY FOR MODELING AND SIMULATION INTERNATIONAL, 2002, 78 (08): : 485 - 493
  • [36] Sentinel Lymph Node Sampling for Early Gastric CancerPreliminary Results of A North American Prospective Study
    Mueller, Carmen L.
    Lisbona, Robert
    Sorial, Rafik
    Siblini, Aya
    Ferri, Lorenzo E.
    JOURNAL OF GASTROINTESTINAL SURGERY, 2019, 23 (06) : 1113 - 1121
  • [37] Early Adolescent and Peer Drinking Homogeneity: Similarities and Differences Among European and North American Countries
    Farhat, Tilda
    Simons-Morton, Bruce G.
    Kokkevi, Anna
    Van der Sluijs, Winfried
    Fotiou, Anastasios
    Kuntsche, Emmanuel
    JOURNAL OF EARLY ADOLESCENCE, 2012, 32 (01) : 81 - 103
  • [38] ORGANIZATIONAL VARIABILITY IN EARLY AGGREGATED COMMUNITIES IN MIDDLE-RANGE SOCIETIES: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE KAYENTA REGION OF THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST
    Stone, Tammy
    AMERICAN ANTIQUITY, 2016, 81 (01) : 58 - 73
  • [39] THE SPIRIT IN THE MATERIAL: A CASE STUDY OF ANIMISM IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST
    VanPool, Christine S.
    Newsome, Elizabeth
    AMERICAN ANTIQUITY, 2012, 77 (02) : 243 - 262
  • [40] FROM LANDSCAPES OF MEANING TO LANDSCAPES OF SIGNIFICATION IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST
    Liebmann, Matthew J.
    AMERICAN ANTIQUITY, 2017, 82 (04) : 642 - 661