Wind-induced switch of estuarine residual circulations and sediment transport in microtidal bay

To reveal the mechanism for the transport of water and suspended sediments by wind-induced estuarine residual circulations, in situ moorings of acoustic Doppler current profilers were conducted in microtidal Onsan Bay. Water circulation within the bay was characterized by freshwater discharge from the river and free exchange with the open sea, showing current seaward outflow and landward inflow in the western (M1) and eastern (M2) flanks of the navigation channel, respectively. This circulation was influenced by the intrusion of alongshore currents strengthened (weakened) by the northerly (southerly) winds. In M1, seaward outflow was dominant, except for surface disturbances caused by winds. Meanwhile, the classical estuarine circulation (72% of the entire period) in M2, which prevailed under the southerly winds, was switched into the reversed estuarine circulation when the stress of the northerly wind persistently exceeded 0.005 Pa (> 5 h). The water transport (Tr-w) in M1 did not significantly vary depending on the wind direction, but the Tr-w in M2 could be reduced by 53% within 10 m above the bed as the southerly winds were transited into northerly winds. Over the entire period, Tr-w tended to be mutually compensated for and balanced by the circulation system between M1 and M2. On average, however, the sediment transport (Tr-sed) in M2 was 37% higher than M1, indicating that the suspended sediments were preferentially deposited within the bay. Most of the suspended sediments causing the deposition within the bay were mainly transported by estuarine residual circulation rather than tidal pumping. In M2, the frequent resuspension events of the fine-grained sediments (d(50) = 6 mu m) due to the high variability of the along-channel current velocity could maintain a sediment concentration of 18 mg l(-1) in the bottom layer. These suspended sediments responded mainly to landward current in bottom layer (classical estuarine circulation) rather than seaward current (reversed estuarine circulation), contributing to increase in Tr-sed. Considering that the prevailing winds from 2013 to 2020 in Onsan Bay mainly create a favorable condition for the development of the classical estuarine circulation, the sedimentation is expected to persist.