Immunomodulatory effects of fish peptides on cardiometabolic syndrome associated risk factors: A review

Many types of marine-derived products specifically biopeptides, among other health benefiting properties, such as anti-oxidation, anti-infection, anti-hypertension, can also positively affect the immune system through modulations of its cellular responses hence preventing and/or treating many unhealthy conditions inclusive of the metabolic syndrome and its core risk factors. These bioactivities are not solely defined for specific species and many types of fish, farmed or wild-caught, for example, generally salmon, tilapia, cod, sardine, croaker, and others, exhibit comparable health effects. Immuno-potentiating effects of fish-derived peptides on acute and chronic inflammation as well as its related diseases have repeatedly been documented over recent decades. A vast number of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines have been the subject of these analyses. However, only handful such as interleukins, prostaglandins, etc. and associated signalling pathways, which could simultaneously play pro- and/or anti-inflammatory roles in the innate and/or adaptive immunity of the host, are commonly tested. In addition to the inflammatory ailments, such as inflammatory bowel syndrome, glomerulonephritis, hepatitis and/or arthritis, many of these cytokines and chemokines are also the cause or the effect of metabolic syndrome and its linked risk factors. To date, numerous reviews on the topics of natural, food, animal, dairy and marine immunoregulatory peptides have been published, yet none explicitly has reviewed fish biopeptides. Therefore, cooperatively this document is prepared with the primary focus on the extraction, isolation and immunomodulating bio-effects of fish extracted peptides on cytokines, which are the crucial elements in development and establishment of metabolic diseases and related risk factors, for example, hypertension, obesity, insulin resistance and others. To extend the knowledge of readers on the topic and its trends, authors will briefly discuss the drug-likeness and the pharmacokinetics, as well as the predicted target proteins of fish immunomodulating peptides.