A Review of Digital Twin Technology for Electric and Autonomous Vehicles

In the era of technological transformation, mobility and transportation systems are becoming more intelligent and greener. Thanks to powerful technologies and tools, electric and autonomous vehicles are spreading worldwide, substituting internal combustion engine vehicles and revolutionizing the way to drive. In this context, this paper is an extended version of the paper "Digital Twin in Intelligent Transportation Systems: a Review published in 2020 7th International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT)". The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the literature from the last five years on the use of digital twin (DT) technology for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs), focusing on electric and autonomous vehicles. In particular, with respect to the previous work, the focus has been expanded to include DT integration with other cutting-edge technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and 5G for ITS. Moreover, this paper presents a broad perspective on challenges in EV applications, including tracking, monitoring, battery and charge management, connectivity, security, and privacy. In addition, this paper discusses how DT can be used to effectively address the current issues in electric vehicle services, such as tracking, monitoring, battery and charge management, connectivity, security, and privacy.