Functional connectivity differences in the amygdala are related to the antidepressant efficacy of ketamine in patients with anxious depression

Background: The antidepressant effects of ketamine in patients with anxious depression (AD) remain unclear. Functional connectivity (FC) differences in the amygdala have been linked to depression improvement after ketamine treatment in depressed patients, but their role in AD patients is uncertain. We investigated the cor-relation between depression improvement after ketamine treatment and amygdala FC in AD patients.Methods: Thirty-one AD patients and 18 non-anxious depression (NAD) patients received six intravenous keta-mine infusions (0.5 mg/kg) over two weeks. AD patients were further divided into responders (defined as a >= 50% MADRS total score reduction on day 13) and non-responders. The FC of the amygdala subregions, including the laterobasal amygdala (LBA), centromedial amygdala (CMA), and superficial amygdala, were compared between the groups. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to predict treatment response after ketamine infusions.Results: The baseline FC difference in the left LBA and the left precuneus between responders and non-responders among AD patients was found to be associated with depression improvement and was a significant predictor of treatment response to ketamine. A marked reduction in baseline LBA-precuneus FC after ketamine infusion was observed in responders. Unlike in patients with NAD, a lower right CMA-right middle temporal gyrus FC was found in AD patients.Limitations: The sample size is rather small.Conclusions: Our findings may suggest that amygdala FC is a significant predictor of treatment response to ke-tamine infusions in patients with AD. Further studies exploring the potential antidepressant mechanisms of ketamine may aid in the treatment of AD patients.