Fabrication of green magnetized ferrite biochar nanocomposites from orange peels/MnFe2O4, peanut shells/CuFe2O4, tree twigs/Ni Fe2O4, and wood/CoFe2O4: characterization and application as adsorbents for adsorption/desorption/stability of basic Blue-XGRRL dye with possible mechanisms

One of the primary sources of water pollution is the wastewater released from textile industry. In the current research, green magnetized ferrite biochar nanocomposites for the purification of basic dye Blue-XGRRL were prepared and characterized. The optimal pH values to attain maximum adsorption for orange peels/MnFe2O4, peanut shells/CuFe2O4, tree twigs/Ni Fe2O4, and wood/CoFe2O4 were noticed in the basic range of 11 (43.5 mg/g), 10 (37.8 mg/g), 10 (31.9 mg/g), and 10 (14.9 mg/g) at 0.05 g/0.05 L at optimal adsorbent dosage correspondingly. The equilibrium observed within 60 min in order of 45.7, 39.9, 33.9, and 18.9 mg/g for adsorbents. The optimal initial dye concentration 100 mg/L was determined for 46.8, 41.4, 37, and 25 mg/g of dye removal utilizing their corresponding adsorbing material at optimal temperature of 30 degrees C. The data adhered to Langmuir equilibrium and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Positive Gibbs free energy values led to the conclusion that the process lacks spontaneity. For Blue-XGRRL dye, the maximum desorption (45.4, 41.9, 36.3, and 23.9%) was achieved. For the first two cycles, the removal efficiencies were constant and then marginally declined in third cycle. These green nanocomposites hold promise for effective adsorption in water treatment, signifying their potential as impactful and sustainable solutions.