A systematic review and meta-analysis of school and cognitive function domains of health-related quality of life measures for children and young adults with congenital heart disease

Background: Research on cognitive and school functioning domains of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) for children and adolescents with congenital heart disease (CHD) presents inconsistencies.Objectives: To summarize and synthesize data on school and cognitive function domains of HRQOL for children and young people (CYP) with CHD.Methods: Five electronic databases MEDLINE, Scopus, PsycINFO, EMBASE, ERI, and citations were systematically searched. We included original-research articles reporting the cognitive and school function domains of HRQOL for children and young people with CHD (child and parent reports included). Both fixed and random-effects meta-analyses were performed to estimate pooled mean test scores for cognitive and school function. A total of 34 studies met our inclusion criteria and were synthesized narratively, 17 studies were included in formal meta-analyses.Results: Self-reported cognitive function was lower for children and young people with CHD than healthy controls (SMD -0.28 (-0.42, -0.15)). Parental reports demonstrated similar results to self-reports (SMD -0.54 (-0.91, -0.18)). School function was lower in children and young people with CHD compared with healthy controls in self-reported (SMD -0.30 (-0.48, -0.13)) and parent reported HRQOL (SMD -0.49 (0.64, -0.36)). Self-reported school function domain scores were lower for young (<8 years) (SMD -0.65 (-1.32, 0.03)) and older children (8-18 years) (SMD -0.25 (-0.47, -0.03)) with CHD than their peers. Similarly, parents reported lower school function domain scores for young (<8 years) (SMD -0.68 (-1.29, -0.07)) and older (8-18 years) (SMD -0.46 (-068, -0.25)) children with CHD than typically developing peers.Conclusion: Children born with CHD may experience lower cognitive and school function HRQOL scores than healthy controls (self and proxy-report). This is consistent with a subgroup meta-analysis of young (<8 years) and older (8 years old or more) children with CHD reporting lower school function scores compared to controls.