Associations between sleep characteristics and risk for high blood pressure among students aged 9-18: A cross-sectional study in China

Objective: The aim was to investigate the association of multidimensional sleep indicators with high blood pressure (HBP) of Chinese students. Methods: Participants in this cross-sectional study included 11561 students aged 9-18. Sleep was characterized by sleep timing (e.g., bedtime), sleep duration and sleep consistency (e.g., bedtime/wake-up time deviations and social jet lag (SJL)). We used odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) to assess the relationship between sleep and HBP. Results: Primary school students who slept 8.00-9.0 0h had a lower risk of HBP compared with sleeping >10h (OR 0.370, 95%CI 0.208, 0.658), while junior middle school students reporting <= 8.0 0h on weekday night had a lower risk of HBP compared with sleeping >10h (OR 0.303, 95%CI 0.111, 0.829). Moreover, compared with deviations = 0h, the OR (95%CI) for wake-up time deviations <0h and bedtime deviations >0h in primary school students with HBP were 0.314 (0.125, 0.790) and 2.155 (1.205, 3.853). Further-more, compared with SJL = 0h, senior high school students reporting SJL = 0.01-0.50h, SJL = 0.51-1.00h and SJL = 1.01-2.0 0h had greater risk of HBP (OR 1.566, 95%CI 1.039, 2.361; OR 1.760, 95%CI 1.177, 2.631; OR 1.660, 95%CI 1.124, 2.452, respectively). Bedtime at night was associated with HBP for three educa-tional periods students, however, there was no significant association between mid-day nap and HBP. Conclusions: Sleep timing, sleep duration and sleep consistency are associated with high blood pressure in children and adolescents. (c) 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.